The unique benefit of snapshot isolation is that we can introduce great concurrency to the execution of multiple transactions. This is because readers do not block writers and writers do not block readers either. The rationale behind that is the well-designed mechanism of version processing, including the version generation, visibility, and cleanup.
A transaction must be always consistent and durable. This is straightforward when everything is normal, whereas maintaining such properties despite of failures becomes nontrivial. Failures like system crashes can leave a system in an inconsistent state. Today we are treating failures as the norm. It’s critical to possess the capability of fault tolerance. One important remedy is to recover transactions after crashes.
While transactions desires isolation, too strong isolation may offset the performance benefit from execution concurrency. In practice, isolation is defined at different levels with trade-offs between consistency and concurrency. The applicability of each isolation level is determined by the specific scenario targeted.
A request to storage systems often involves multiple operations, while the lack of integrity among individual operations complicates the management of a storage system. To address that, transactions are used as a container to encapsulate multiple individual operations and facilitate their management.
Data are stored on some physical medium like hard drives or SSDs, but they are not simply placed there arbitrarily. A certain layout is defined by storage systems to organize data in the disk. For example, we need to know where of a disk is available for the data to be stored, and when we need some data where to find it.
Manually renewing certificates every three months is not going to be sustainable. Fortunately, there is the experience shared for automating the certificate renewal under GitLab. The basic idea is to apply the same operation of the manual certificate generation described in the previous article, but via the automation strategy with the GitLab pipeline schedule. Here I recompiled the scripts from the original article to not include any domain specific content, which allows them to be directly applied to any repositories (with domain specific variables defined in the pipeline setting).
The default HTTPS support by GitLab will be unavailable with custom domains. Fortunately, there is the solution to add HTTPS back for free.
While you can edit pages online in GitLab (e.g., through Web IDE, which also allows to preview Markdown pages), a local development environment of Hugo provides the best support of “what you see is what you get”.
Building your own blog website is easy today. With only a few steps, you will be able to create your own blog website which can be visited at https://username.gitlab.io.